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Wise Coastal Practices for Sustainable Human Development Forum
Posted By: Bambang Radi
Date: Monday, 5 July 1999, at 4:06 p.m.
In Response To: Ethics of drinking water. (R Sudarshana)
Situated along the equator, Indonesia is an archipelago, consisting of 14,000 islands, Indeed, 60% of the area is covered by seawater. According to the Indonesian constitution, all natural resources are under State control and companies wishing to exploit these resources must have a license from the Government.
GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION: Every household has the right to exploit this resource which is drawn from an unconfined aquifer. In theory, a license is needed to withdraw groundwater, but a lot of households withdraw ground water from confined aquifers without possessing one.
FRESH WATER PROBLEMS IN JAKARTA: Many parts of the city of Jakarta (the capital city of Indonesia) have fresh water problems. A salt-water intrusion problem exists in the coastal zone. There are two types of fresh water services: municipal (PDAM Jaya-Local Government) and private. The municipality filters surface water from Jatiluhur Dam (Citarum River), Ciliwung River, Pluit Lake and some resources in Kabupaten Bogor. Private companies exploit groundwater as a source of fresh-water.
Following the decline in water quality, Jakarta inhabitants consume more and more mineral water. The cost of mineral water is between Rp.700 to Rp.1000 per bottle (500 to 600 ml) compared to the cost of premium (engine fuel) at Rp. 1000/litre. Therefore, selling drinking water has become 'big business' even more profitable than selling engine fuel (premium/bensin). In some areas (for example in mountain regions), private companies monopolize water sources, preventing local inhabitants from continuing to draw water from the source. We must extend drinking water ethics to include both groundwater and water from other sources. The case of Jakarta demonstrates how people living around estuaries also depend on rivers and surface water for their drinking water supply. *************************************************************************************************************************
SUPPLY OF DRINKING WATER / INDONESIA (Bahasa Indonesia)
ETIKA AIR MINUM: Indonesia adalah negara kepulauan, rangkaian 14.000 pulau di katulistiwa dan 60% wilayahnya adalah lautan. Kami punya undang-undang yang mengatakan bahwa semua sumber daya alam dikuasai oleh negara, bila perusahaan akan menambang sumber daya alam harus memiliki ijin dari pemerintah. Barang-barang tambang, minyak dan gas alam memerlukan teknologi tinggi untuk mengexplorasi dan investasi yang besar (mahal).
Bagaimana tentang air? Setiap rumah bisa mengexplorasi (memompa) dan mereka memompa/menimba air dari unconfined aquifer. Pengambilan sumber air dari confined aquifer memerlukan ijin dari pemerintah. Tetapi banyak rumah memompa dari confined aquifer tanpa sepengetahuan/ijin dari pemerintah.
Jakarta adalah ibukota negara Republik Indonesia, beberapa wilayah Jakarta mempunyai masalah sumber air bersih (fresh water). Kota Jakarta berada di wilayah pesisir (Coastal Region) dan problemnya adalah air sumur asin (Ground water intrusion). Kota Jakarta memiliki dua type sumber air bersih yaitu PDAM Jaya dan sumur pribadi. PDAM memproses (menyaring) air permukaan dari Bendung Jatiluhur (Sungai Citarum), Sungai Ciliwung, Waduk Pluit dan dari beberapa sungai lagi juga dari sumur artetis yang berada di Kabupaten Bogor, dan sumur pribadi memompa/menimba dari air tanah (Ground water).
Air miniral harganya Rp. 700 sampai Rp. 1000 perbotol (500 - 600 ml), harga bensin Rp. 1000/liter.Perusahaan air mineral tumbuh pesat dengan keuntungan yang sangat menjanjikan (besar). Harga product tidak hanya ditentukan oleh teknologi tetapi pasar mempunyai andil yang besar. Bebarapa area mata air telah dikuasi oleh perusahaan air mineral sehingga penduduk setempat tidak bisa mengambil air lagi dari tempat tersebut. Kita mesti memperluas etik drinking water tidak hanya pemompaan air tanah, tetapi Ethics Sumber Air sebab orang muara sungai juga bergantung pada air sungai tersebut - Seperti Jakarta.
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